How+Is+It+Assessed?

__**Antisocial Personality Disorder, Substance Abuse & Psychological Assessments**__
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There are two main psychological tests that assess for ASPD. These are the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory II (MMPI-2) and the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory (MCMI-III). Another test, the Hare Psychopathy Checklist Revised (Hare PCL-R) is used to assess a small percentage of those with ASPD who will meet the criteria for psychopathy (Choca, 2004).

Within the MMPI-2, there are subsections that assess for any substance abuse or potential for addiction that may be occurring with the individual. These include the MacAndrew Alcoholism Scale-Revised (MAC-R), the Addiction Acknowledgment Scale (AAS), and the Addiction Potential Scale (APS) (Choca, 2004).

In the MCMI-III, there are the Alcohol Dependence (Scale B) and the Drug Dependence (Scale T) measures. Both the MMPI-II and the MCMI-III have adolescent versions of their tests that have scales that assess these features within the youth population (Choca, 2004).

=__ **MMPI-2:** __= The MMPI-II RF is a 60-90 min, 567 true/false question test administered to adults 18 years of age and older. The intellectual capacity for the test is approximately at the grade 5 level. It is a self-report that analyzes an individual's probability of having a number of different psychiatric conditions (including antisocial personality disorder) (Education, 2012).

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 * = __**MacAndrew Alcoholism Scale**__ =
 * This subscale of the MMPI-2 assesses whether the client is an alcoholic or not. It has a 75-85% success rate in being able to distinguish psychiatric patients from those who abuse alcohol (Peele, 1988). The wording is organized in such a way that the client does not know they are being tested on their alcohol use (Peele,1988).
 * = __**Addiction Acknowledgment Scale**__ =
 * The way this test is organized is the similar to the MacAndrew Scale, in the sense that the questions are worded covertly to ensure the client does not know they are being assessed on any substance use (CAMH, 2009).
 * = __**Addiction Potential Scale**__ =
 * This scale assesses the personality traits that potentially underlie the any addiction issues within the client. There are 39 items and like the MMPI-2 and it’s subscales, must be administered by a clinical professional (NIH, 1992).

=__ **MCMI-III:** __= According to Butcher (2009), the MCMI-III is a short 175 items test that looks at personality characteristics as well as any psychopathology that may be co-occurring. The test is used by healthcare providers to determine the treatment options that would be best for the individual (Butcher, 2009).


 * = __**Alcohol Dependence (Scale B)**__ =
 * This scale determines if there is any alcohol dependence occurring with the client. It is a 46-item scale that looks at the history of the client. It assesses whether there is any alcohol abuse that has been affecting their workplace or home dynamics (Butcher, 2009).

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 * = __**Drug Dependence (Scale T)**__ =
 * This is a 58-item scale that assesses a history of drug abuse that would have caused problems for the client in the workplace or home (Butcher, 2009).

=__ **Hare PCL-R** __= The Hare PCL-R consists of a semi-structured interview, case history information, and scoring criteria to measure an individual on a 3 point scale (0,1,2) based on the extent to which each of the 20-item constructs apply to the client (Butcher, 2009). Butcher (2009) states that scores can range from 0 to 40, with scores over 30 being clinically diagnosed as have psychopathy. The following is the 20-item constructs that are used to identify a psychopath. The constructs are placed into four categories (interpersonal, affective, lifestyle, and antisocial) (Butcher, 2009):

1. Glibness/superficial charm 2. Grandiose sense of self-worth 4. Pathological lying 5. Conning/manipulative || 6. Lack of remorse or guilt 7. Shallow affect 8. Callous/Lack of empathy 16. Failure to accept responsibility || 3. Need for stimulation 9. Parasitic lifestyle 13. Lack of realistic, long-term goals 14. Impulsivity 15. Irresponsibility || 10. Poor behavioural controls 12. Early behavioural problems 18. Juvenile delinquency 19. Revocation of conditional release 20. Criminal versatility || (Butcher, 2009)
 * < **PCL-R** ||
 * < **Interpersonal:**
 * < **Affective:**
 * < **Lifestyle:**
 * < **Antisocial:**



The Psychopathy Checklists include two revised versions with one for screening and the other for youth. Each test is designed to measure psychopathy in the individual taking the test, however because they are proven to predict recidivism, violence, and treatment outcomes, psychologists will use them forensically with other tests to predict these factors within the criminal population (Pozzulo, 2009).

The relationship between ASPD and psychopathy is one-way in that, “all psychopaths meet the diagnostic criteria for ASPD, but majority of those with ASPD are not psychopaths” (Pozzulo, 2009). For a diagnosis of psychopathy, the individual will show both behaviours and traits that overlap with the DSM-IV Cluster B syndromes (narcissistic, histrionic, borderline, and antisocial) (Pozzulo, 2009). For a diagnosis of ASPD, the criteria is only //behavioural// (Pozzulo, 2009).